Daniel Hong

 

【 原 文 译 文 】

 

此文章仅为英文译文，原意请以英文为准

 

 

    在未来数年内，美中两国将面临一系列挑战，要求我们重新思考和改变过去八年美国的政策路线。美中两国如何才能应对这些挑战，我们能够在多大程度上找到共同点，这些对两国以及亚洲乃至世界其他国家而言都有着至关重要的作用。过去三十年来，中国取得了非凡而又持久稳定的发展。如今，数亿中国人民的生活状况比二十年前大多数人想象的还要好。

但正如中国领导人所认同的那样，如果中国希望继续保持持久稳定的经济发展，就必须从根本上做出一些调整。中国必须采取行动，保护环境并减少能源密集型生产，推动国内消费使其成为经济增长的引擎，改善社会保障体系，同时鼓励技术自主创新。否则，未来中国或许远不能充分发挥其潜力。

美国是全球最强大的经济体，但我们同样必须做出重大调整才能保持在二十一世纪的竞争力。我们必须消除近年来因财政无作为而造成的空前的高赤字和低国民储蓄率状况；必须加大对基础设施建设、教育、医疗保健、科学与技术领域的投资；必须打破对石油的依赖，并采取具有历史意义的措施，通过投资于可再生技术、高能效和新一代清洁型汽车来实现我们经济的转型。这些举措将为更广泛的、“自下而上”的经济发展奠定坚实的基础，从而造福所有美国人民，同时也有助于巩固美中关系。

我们知道，只要美中两国认识到我们的共同利益，就能在很多方面实现双方的目标。在过去几年内，美中两国在六方会谈中就朝鲜核问题的合作清楚地表明，我们双方能够开展建设性的双边合作，并与其它国家携手，缓解即便是格外敏感的问题所引起的紧张状态。

更宽泛地说，美国支持并得益于亚洲地区的安全与稳定。我们需要化解造成地区紧张的主要因素。正如我在致马英九就任贺电中所指出的一样，我们支持台湾海峡两岸建立信任的举措，同时也支持中国大陆与台湾之间关系的改善。在双方善意的努力之下，两岸关系迎来了自二十世纪九十年代中期以来的最好时机。中日两国关系紧张状态的缓解符合中日双方以及美国的利益。我们认为，只有完全取消朝鲜的核武器计划，同时实现朝鲜与六方会谈所有成员国之间的关系正常化，方能实现朝鲜半岛的稳定与和平。最后，同时也是迫在眉睫的，我们需要一个牢固的基础，与中国这个新兴经济体建立长期积极而具有建设性的关系。

我坚信，美国通过积极、成熟而灵活的外交、经济与安全举措保持在这一地区的影响力，对于上述这些目标和其相关目标的实现起着至关重要的作用。我们与日本、韩国、澳大利亚、菲律宾和泰国之间的盟友关系是美国在该地区维持安全力量存在的基础，为地区稳定做出了巨大的贡献，不会对任何国家造成威胁。这些盟友关系，以及我们在西太平洋前沿部署的军事力量，是我们加强地区安全稳定战略的必要基础，然而这一基础尚不充分。奥巴马政府将寻求与中国以及该地区其他国家合作的机会，从而推进地区的稳定与繁荣发展。

亚洲的经济与安全形势正在发生着变化，这就要求我们特别关注和理解该地区的发展和演变。但美国希望该地区充满活力、保持稳定的愿望却始终未变。

有鉴于此，我希望谈一谈一些直接涉及美中两国的关键性问题。

贸易与投资有助于促进繁荣，而美中两国之间的双边经济关系是全球最大、最重要经济关系之一。美国与中国分别是世界第一大和第三大贸易国，最近几年，中国已经成为美国增长最快的主要出口市场。

我深知，美国乃至整个世界都能够受益于对华贸易，但前提必须是中国同意遵守市场规则，并在世界均衡发展中扮演积极的角色。我希望中国经济能够继续发展，其国内需求能够继续扩大，中国的勃勃生机与活力将继续为地区乃至全球繁荣做出积极的贡献。但中国目前的发展并不均衡，近年来，国内消费占GDP的比例实际有所下滑。为了增加国内需求，中国政府必须显著改善其社会保障体系，实现其金融服务产业升级，从而使国内消费与国际接轨。

若要实现双边经济关系的均衡发展，中心问题是中国必须改变其汇率政策。由于中国人为制定低货币汇率政策，使中国保持有巨大的国际收支经常项目顺差。这不利于美国企业和雇员，也不利于世界的发展，并最终可能造成中国国内的通胀问题。

作为总统，我将利用一切可行的外交途径寻求中国货币政策的改变。此外，我还将做出更多持久的努力来应对中国的知识产权侵权行为，并试图解决在主要产业中对外国投资存在歧视性法规的问题，以及其它不公平贸易规则的问题。我将与中国政府合作建立更有效的体制，使双方国家能够对出口产品实施监管，并在发现危险产品时采取行动。

作为总统，我将采取强有力的、切实可行的措施来解决这些问题，在适当时候运用我们的国内贸易救济法以及世贸组织的争议解决机制。此外，两国经济事务领导人之间积极开展高层对话也对取得实质性进展有着至关重要的作用。针对两国的经济关系，我将采取积极的、具有前瞻性的作法：消除贸易障碍，从贸易中受惠，从而实现两国经济更迅速、更健康的发展。

全球气候变化无疑是大家共同面临的挑战，也是一个长期的问题，解决这一问题已变得刻不容缓。过去，美国在这一问题方面做得太少，而我将与国会以及私有部门一起改变这一现状。

美中两国都肩负着应对这一重大挑战的责任，即使双方的责任不尽相同。但长久以来，双方都在互相指责对方的态度，以此作为推卸责任的借口。这一切必须停止。

气候变化的挑战要求美中两国立刻行动起来，将双方合作提升到更高的水平。我们是当今世界两个最大的石油消费国，也是最大的温室气体排放国。一个是全球最富有的发达国家，一个是世界最大、最具活力的发展中国家，双方旨在消除气候变化所带来的威胁方面的合作能够树立典范，由此产生的实践和技术将为全球努力提供动力，包括就建立后京都气候体制达成协议的努力。

在过去三十多年里，美中两国已经建立了成熟而广泛的合作关系。但如果我们希望建立高度互信，而这种互信正是在这一快速变化的地区开展长期合作所必需的，我们仍需付出巨大的努力。两国都对对方的长期意图有着很深的顾虑，而这些顾虑是不会自行消失的。

在气候变化等这些持久的全球重大挑战方面展开合作能够加深理解、提高信心。此外，我们还需要深化经济、安全和全球政策问题方面持久的高层对话。两国军方不仅应当增加接触的次数，同时也应当提高双方沟通交流的质量。

在当今世界，非传统的安全威胁变得日益突出。这其中包括来自恐怖主义、核扩散、政局动荡的国家、传染性疾病、人道主义灾难和公海抢劫等的挑战。美中两国已经在这些领域展开了一定程度的合作，但在一些领域两国仍存在着现实的分歧，这一点我们必须正视。我尤其希望中方能够与我们合作，共同阻止伊朗发展核武器，结束达尔福尔血腥屠杀，并帮助扭转津巴布韦的无政府状态。

更好地保护全体民众的人权，向着民主与法治前进，将使中国在国内和国际上能够更充分地发挥其作为一个国家的潜力。这是中国人民的企盼，同时也是中国人民所真正需要的。这种改变不会像中国领导人可能担心的那样削弱中国的实力，相反，它将为中国的长期稳定与繁荣奠定更坚实的基础。向民主政府、法治社会和全面保护人权迈进是全球大势之所趋，中国不可能无限期地孤立于这一全球趋势之外。保护西藏人民独特的宗教与文化传统是这一议程的重要组成部分。

自二十世纪七十年代以来，美国施行的对华接触政策已经为两国乃至整个亚洲带来了巨大的利益。美中关系有着其独有的挑战，新的问题也必会出现。在如今这个共享安全的世界，牵一发而动全身，我们的星球比以往任何时候都更加需要每一个主要国家在追求其狭义的自身利益的同时，也要承担起责任去解决迫在眉睫的，更为宽泛的问题。我领导的政府将力求为美国注入新的生命力，并领导美国充分发挥其潜力，与亚洲乃至世界各国开展建设性的合作。    

 

巴拉克-奥巴马是来自伊利诺伊州的美国资浅参议员，2008年美国总统选举民主党籍候选人。

 

文章原文来自中国美国商会

This article comes frome What's Cooking America

There are two traditional iced teas in the United States. The only variation between them is sugar.

Southerners swear by their traditional sweet ice tea and drink it by the gallons. In the South, ice tea is not just a summertime drink, it is served year round with most meals. When people order tea in a Southern restaurant, chances are they will get sweet ice tea.

Outside of the southern states, iced tea is served unsweetened or “black,” and most people have never even heard of sweet tea.

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18th Century

1795 - South Carolina is the first place in the United States where tea was grown and is the only state to ever have produced tea commercially. Most historians agree that the first tea plant arrived in this country in the late 1700s when  French explorer and botanist, Andre Michaux (1746-1802), imported it as well as other beautiful and showy varieties of camellias, gardenias and azaleas to suit the aesthetic and acquisitive desires of wealthy Charleston planters. He planted tea near Charleston at Middleton Barony, now known as Middleton Place Gardens.

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19th Century

1800's - English and American cookbooks shows us that tea has been served cold at least since the early nineteenth century, when cold green tea punches, that were heavily spiked with liquor, were popularized. The oldest recipes in print are made with green tea and not black tea and were called punches. The tea punches went by names such as Regent's Punch, named after George IV, the English prince regent between 1811 until 1820, and king from 1820 to 1830. 

By the middle of the nineteenth century, American versions of this punch begin to acquire regional and even patriotic names, such as Charleston's St. Cecilia Punch (named for the musical society whose annual ball it graced), and Savannah's potent version, Chatham Artillery Punch.

Iced tea's popularity parallels the development of refrigeration: the ice house, the icebox (refrigerator), and the commercial manufacture of pure ice, which were in place by the middle of the nineteenth century. The term "refrigerator" was used for the first patented ice box in 1830 and were common in the mid 19th century in the United States

1839 - The 1839 cookbook, The Kentucky Housewife, by Mrs. Lettice Bryanon, was typical of the American tea punch recipes:

Tea Punch - Make a pint and a half of very strong tea in the usual manner; strain it, and pour it boiling (hot) on one pound and a quarter of loaf sugar. (That's 2 1/2 cups white sugar) Add half a pint of rich sweet cream, and then stir in gradually a bottle of claret or of champaign (sic). You may heat it to the boiling point, and serve it so, or you may send it round entirely cold, in glass cups.

1879 - The oldest sweet tea recipe (ice tea) in print comes from a community cookbook called Housekeeping in Old Virginia, by Marion Cabell Tyree, published in 1879:

Ice Tea. - After scalding the teapot, put into it one quart of boiling water and two teaspoonfuls green tea. If wanted for supper, do this at breakfast. At dinner time, strain, without stirring, through a tea strainer into a pitcher. Let it stand till tea time and pour into decanters, leaving the sediment in the bottom of the pitcher. Fill the goblets with ice, put two teaspoonfuls granulated sugar in each, and pour the tea over the ice and sugar. A squeeze of lemon will make this delicious and healthful, as it will correct the astringent tendency.

1884 - This may be the first printed recipe using black tea, which has become so universal today, and could also be the earliest version of pre-sweetened iced tea, the usual way of making it in the South today. Mrs. D. A. (Mary) Lincoln, director of the Boston Cooking School, published Mrs. Lincoln's Boston Cook Book: What to Do and What Not to Do in Cooking in 1884. On page 112, there it is: iced tea, proving that the drink was not just a Southern drink.

Ice Tea or Russian Tea - Make the tea by the first receipt, strain it from the grounds, and keep it cool. When ready to serve, put two cubes of block sugar in a glass, half fill with broken ice, add a slice of lemon, and fill the glass with cold tea.

1890 - Professor Lyndon N. Irwin, of Southwest Missouri State University and a member of the St. Louis World's Fair Society, found an article from the September 28, 1890 issue of the Nevada Noticer newspaper regarding the 1890 Missouri State Reunion of Ex-Confederate Veterans. This article clearly states that iced tea had been around prior to1890. The article states the following:

"The following figures will convey some idea of the amount of provision used a Camp Jackson during the recent encampment. There were 4,800 pounds of bread, 11,705 pounds of beef, 407 pounds of ham, 21 sheep, 600 pounds of sugar, 6 bushels of beans, 60 gallon of pickles, and a wagonload of potatoes. It was all washed down with 2,220 gallons of coffee and 880 gallons of iced tea. The committee expended $3,000, a little in excess of the amount subscribed, for the entertainment of the old soldiers."

1893 - The 1893 Chicago World's Fair, also called the Columbian Exposition, had a concessionair that grossed over $2,000 selling iced tea and lemonade.

The Home Queen World's Fair Souvenir Cookbook - Two Thousand Valuable Recipes on Cookery and Household Economy, Menus, Table Etiquette, Toilet, Etc. Contributed by Two Hundred World's Fair Lady Managers, Wives of Governors and Other Ladies of Position and Influence, compiled by Miss Juliet Corson includes a recipe for variations on serving iced tea.

1895 - The Enterprising Manufacturing Co. of Pennsylvania distributed its popular recipe booklet called The Enterprising Housekeeper by Helen Louise Johnson. In the recipe booklet, they advertise their popular ice shredders and its many uses. One use was "for your iced tea."

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20th Century

1900s - After 1900, iced tea became commonplace in cookbooks, and black tea began replacing green as the preferred tea for serving cold. The preference for black over green tea in an iced beverage came with of import of inexpensive black tea exports from India, Ceylon, South America, and Africa.

1904 - It was at the 1904 World’s Fair in St. Louis that iced tea was popularized and commercialized (not invented). Due to the hot summer of 1904, people ignored any hot drinks and went in search of cold drinks, including iced tea. Because of this, it changed the way the rest of Americans thought of tea, thus popularizing iced tea.

Most historians mistakenly give credit to Richard Blechynden, India Tea Commissioner and Director of the East Indian Pavilion, as being the creator of ice tea at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis. In the East Indian Pavilion at the Fair, Blechynden was offering free hot tea to everyone. Because of the intense heat, it was soon realized that the heat prevented the crowd from drinking his hot tea. Blechynden and his team took the brewed India tea, filled several large bottles, and placed them on stands upside down - thus allowing the tea to flow through iced lead pipes. This free iced tea was very much welcomed by the thirsty fair goers. After the fair, Blechynden took his lead pipe apparatus to New York City, offering free iced tea to shoppers at Bloomingdale Brothers Department Store, demonstrating iced tea is a desirable summertime drink.

According to the book Beyond The Ice Cream Cone - The Whole Scoop on Food at the 1904 World's Fair by Pamela J. Vaccaro:

Both hot tea and iced tea appeared on most restaurant menus at the Fair - at the Barbecue, Fair Japan, the Old Irish Parliament House, the Louisiana and Texas Rice Kitchen, Mrs. Rorer's East Pavilioin Cafe, and so on. It is highly unlikely that all these restaurants jumped on the bandwagon of Blechynden's "new idea," and scurried to the print shops to have their menus reprinted!

What really "stirs the pot" is that "Richard Blechynden" was listed as an official concessionaire (No. 325) "to serve tea in cups and packages" at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893 - 11 years before the one in St. Louis. The financial records from the exposition do not list any ledger entries for Blechynden - which raises the question of whether he actually showed up or was just late with his report. But, if he had been there, it would have been odd that he would not have realized that his product was already being sold in hot and cold versions. It would likewise be odd that, in the 11 intervening years, he would have been totally oblivious to the drinkls inclusion in cookbooks and on menus.

1917 - By World War I, Americans were buying special tall iced tea glasses, long spoons, and lemon forks. By the 1930s, people were commonly referring to the tall goblet in crystal sets as an "iced tea" glass.

1920-1933 - The American Prohibition (1920-1933) helped boost the popularity of iced tea because average Americans were forced to find alternatives to illegal beer, wine, and alcohol. Iced tea recipes begin appearing routinely in most southern cookbooks during this time.

1928 - In the southern cookbook, Southern Cooking, by Henrietta Stanley Dull (Mrs. S.R. Dull), Home Ecomonics Editor for the Atlanta Journal, gives the recipe that remained standard in the South for decades thereafter. It is a regional book that very much resemblances the many “church” or “ladies society” cookbooks of that era.

TEA - Freshly brewed tea, after three to five minutes' infusion, is essential if a good quality is desired. The water, as for coffee, should be freshly boiled and poured over the tea for this short time . . . The tea leaves may be removed when the desired strength is obtained . . . Tea, when it is to be iced, should be made much stronger, to allow for the ice used in chilling. A medium strength tea is usually liked. A good blend and grade of black tea is most popular for iced tea, while green and black are used for hot . . . To sweeten tea for an iced drink-less sugar is required if put in while tea is hot, but often too much is made and sweetened, so in the end there is more often a waste than saving . . . Iced tea should be served with or without lemon, with a sprig of mint, a strawberry, a cherry, a slice of orange, or pineapple. This may be fresh or canned fruit. Milk is not used in iced tea.

1941 - During World War II, the major sources of green tea were cut off from the United States, leaving us with tea almost exclusively from British-controlled India, which produces black tea. Americans came out of the war drinking nearly 99 percent black tea.

1995 - South Carolina's grown tea was officially adopted as the Official Hospitality Beverage by State Bill 3487, Act No. 31 of the 111th Session of the South Carolina General Assembly on April 10, 1995.

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21st Century

2003 - Georgia State Representative, John Noel, and four co-sponsors, apparently as an April Fools' Day joke, introduced House Bill 819, proposing to require all Georgia restaurants that serve tea to serve sweet tea. Representative John Noel, one of the sponsors, is said to have acknowledged that the bill was an attempt to bring humor to the Legislature, but wouldn't mind if it became law. The text of the bill proposes:

(a)  As used in this Code section, the term 'sweet tea' means iced tea which is sweetened with sugar at the time that it is brewed.

(b)  Any food service establishment which served iced tea must serve sweet tea. Such an establishment may serve unsweetened tea but in such case must also serve sweet tea.

(c)  Any person who violates this Code section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of a high and aggravated nature.

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SOURCES:

1904  St. Louis Worlds Fair - The Iced Tea Question, by Lyndon N. Irwin, http://www.lyndonirwin.com/1904%20Tea.htm, an internet web site.

Andre Michaux, http://www.michaux.org/michaux.htm#prin, an internet web site.

Beyond the Ice Cream Cone - The Whole Scoop on food at the 1904 World's Fair, by Pamela J. Vaccaro, Enid Press, St. Louis, 2004.

Boston Cooking School Cook Book, by Mrs. D.A. Lincoln, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1996 Reprint.

GA: Food Establishments Must Serve Sweet Tea!, Political State Report, Tuesday, April 1, 2003.

Georgia General Assembly, House Bill 819, http://www.legis.state.ga.us/legis/2003_04/search/hb819.htm, an internet web site.

I'll Have What They're Having - Legendary Local Cuisine, by Linda Stradley, Globe Pequot Press, 2002.

Mint Museum of Art in Charlotte, NC, Features Works by Pierre-Joseph Redouté, April Issue 2002, from Carolina Arts Magazine, by Shoestring Publishing Company, Bonneau, SC, http://www.carolinaarts.com/402mint.html, an internet web site.

South Carolina General Assembly, 111th Session, 1995-1996.

Steeped in Tradition - Sweetened or not, Iced tea is Southerners' drink of choice, by Linda Dailey Paulson, writer for Atlanta-Journal Constitution newspaper.

Taste of Luzianne, Luzianne Tea,  http://www.luzianne.com/more_icedtea_uncovered.cfm, an internet web site.

Last saturday we went to our tea plantation, where located on 1300m high mountain. It's so fresh and clean there. You can even touch the sky.

 

One of our friends played Taiji there where around mountains and green tea leaves. He played it so well.

 

The people live there all get black skin. Otherwise they are absolutely Organic man.